নবম-দশম শ্রেণির  ইংরেজি ২য় পত্র

                                                                                      Use Of Right Form Of Verbs 

সামিউল ইসলামঃ

নবম-দশম শ্রেণির শিক্ষার্থী বন্ধুরা! সারাবিশ্ব আজ করোনা ভাইরাস(কোভিড-১৯) নামক এক মহামারীতে আক্রান্ত। তোমাদের স্কুল বন্ধ। বাসায় সাবধানে থাকবে। খুব জরুরি প্রয়োজন ছড়া বাসার বাইরে যাবেনা। বাইরে যেতে হলে অবশ্যই সাবধানতার সাথে যাবে। স্কুল বন্ধ বলে পড়াশোনা কিন্তু বন্ধ রাখলে চলবেনা। তাহলে কিন্তু পরীক্ষায় ভালো ফলাফল করতে পারবেনা।

আজ তোমাদের Right form of verbs নিয়ে আলোচনা করব। ইংরেজি ২য় পত্রে ৪ নং প্রশ্নে Right form of verbs থাকে। Right form of verbs এর Rules বা নিয়ম আলোচনা করার পুর্বে  verb কী তা জেনে নেওয়া যাক।  একটি Sentence-এ ব্যবহৃত প্রতিটি word-ই কোনো না কোনো কাজ করে থাকে। প্রতিটি word-এর মধ্যে verb সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ। সাধারণত যে word দ্বারা কোনো সময় অতিবাহিত হওয়া বুঝায় যেমন কিছু করা, হওয়া, যাওয়া,খাওয়া ইত্যাদি বুঝায় তাকে verb বলে। Verb কে heart of the sentence বা বাক্যের প্রাণ বলা হয়ে থাকে। বাক্যের গঠনশৈলীতে subject-এর পরই verb-এর স্থান।  Noun, pronoun ও object-কে বিশেষভাবে গতিশীল করে রাখে এই verb. Verb ছাড়া কোনো sentence তৈরি করা যায় না। Verb-গুলো সাধারণত voice, tense, mood, narration ও Sentence  পরিবর্তনে সহায়তা করে থাকে। একটি sentence-এ দুই ধরনের verb ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন: Principal verb ও Auxiliary verb.
Principal verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব অর্থ আছে , অন্য verb এর সাহায্য ছাড়াই স্বাধীনভাবে অর্থ প্রকাশ করতে পারে তাকে principal verb বলে। Example : Kamal reads a book.
Auxiliary verb : যে verb-এর নিজস্ব  অর্থ  থাকে না, বিভিন্ন প্রকার sentence, tense, voice বা mood-এর রূপ গঠনের জন্য অন্য verb-কে সাহায্য করে থাকে, তাকে Auxiliary verb বলে।  Example : Kamal is reading a book.
তোমাদের মনে রাখতে হবে, একই verb Principal এবং Auxiliary দুইভাবেই ব্যবহৃত হতে পারে। যেমন: He is a student. এখানে ‘is’ Principal verb.
আবার, He is writing a letter. এখানে ‘is’ Auxiliary verb.
Principal verb ও Auxiliary verb ছাড়াও Finite verb, Non-Finite verb, Transitive verb ও Intransitive verb রয়েছে। এগুলোও  বাক্য গঠনের ক্ষেত্রে অগ্রণী ভূমিকা পালন করে থাকে।

Right form of verbs এর কতিপয় Rules  বা নিয়ম রয়েছে। এগুলো নিচে আলোচনা করা হলো। এ Rules বা নিয়মগুলো আয়ত্ত করতে পারলে ৪ নং প্রশ্নের উত্তর লেখা সহজ হবে।

Rule-1: Sentence যদি Present Indefinite tense হয় এবং Subject Third Person singular number হয়, তাহলে verb-এর সঙ্গে s/es যুক্ত করতে হবে।
He (write) a poem.
Ans : He writes a poem.

The boy (play) cricket.
Ans : The boy plays cricket.

Rule-2: Sentence দ্বারা  যদি universal truth (চিরন্তন সত্য), Habitual fact (অভ্যাসগত কর্ম) ইত্যাদি বোঝায় তাহলে sentenceটি Present Indefinite Tense হয়। যেমন,
The moon (give) us light.
Ans: The moon gives us light.

The sun (rise) the east.
Ans: The sun rises in the east.

Rule-3: কোনো Sentence-এ যদি generally, normally, occasionally, sometimes, often, always, regularly, daily, everyday, usually, ইত্যাদি থাকে এবং নিদিষ্ট কোনো সময়ের উল্লেখ না থাকে, তবে Sentenceটি Present Indefinite Tense হবে।

He (go) to school regularly.
Ans : He goes  to school regularly.
Rifat sometimes (swim) in the river.
Ans : Rifat sometimes swims  in the river.
Rule-4: বর্তমানে চলছে এমন কোনো কাজ বোঝালে present Continuous Tense হয়।( Now, at this moment, at present, day by day ইত্যাদি থাকলে সাধারনত  present Continuous Tense  হয়)।
The boys (play) football now.
Ans: The boy is playing football now.

They (watch) TV at this moment.
Ans: They are watching TV at this moment.
Rule-5: Sentence-এ have/has থাকলে Sentenceটি present perfect Tense হবে। যেমন,
I have (have)  my meal.
Ans: I have had my meal.

Have you ever (be) to the zoo?
Ans: Have you ever been to the zoo?
Rule-6: কোনো Sentence-এ যদি just, just now, recently, lately,  already, yet, ever, in the mean time, ever ইত্যাদি যুক্ত থাকে, তাহলে Sentenceটি Present perfect tense হবে।

He (join) there recently.
Ans : He has joined there recently.

I (receive) the letter just now.
Ans : I have received the letter just now.

Rule- 7: Sentence-এ each, every, everyone, everybody, everything, any, anyone, anybody, anything,  many a, nobody, no one, nothing, something, someone, one of, either, neither ইতাদি থাকলে verb-এর Singular Number হয়। যেমন,

Every mother (love) her child.
Ans: Every mother loves her child.

Many a boy (ruin) his career through laziness.
Ans: Many a boy ruins his career through laziness.
One of the students (be) very brilliant.
Ans: One of the students is/was very brilliant.

Rule- 8: একই দৈর্ঘ্য পরিমাণ বা স্থান বোঝালে Subject দেখতে Plural হলেও verb-এর Singular Number হয়।

Sixty miles (be) a long way.
Ans: Sixty miles is a long way.

Fifty cents (be) enough for him.
Ans: Fifty cents is/was was enough for him.

Rule-9: Yesterday, ago, long since, long before, last (night, week, month, year) ইত্যাদি অতীত সূচক শব্দ বা Phrase sentence-এ থাকলে Past Indefinite tense অর্থাৎ Verb-এর Past form হয়।

She (draw) a picture yesterday.
Ans :She drew a picture yesterday.

Rahim not (go) to school yesterday.
Ans: Rahim did not go to school yesterday.

Rule-10: সাধারণত sentence-এ tomorrow, next, in future ইত্যাদি ভবিষ্যৎ নির্দেশক word/phrase থাকলে future indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
I ( buy) a car in future.
Ans : I shall  buy a car in future.

Bushra (come) from Dhaka tomorrow.
Ans : Bushra will come from Dhaka tomorrow.

Rule-12: Before যুক্ত sentence এ before এর আগের অংশে Past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। অথবা before এর পরের অংশে Past Indefinite tense হলে আগের অংশে  Past perfect tense হয়।

Rana had gone to market before I (come).
Ans : Rana had gone  to market before I came.
The patient (die) before the doctor came.
Ans : The patient had died before the doctor came.

Rule-13: After যুক্ত sentence এ after এর আগের অংশে Past Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Past perfect tense হয়। অথবা after এর পরের অংশে Past perfect tense হলে আগের অংশে Past Indefinite tense হয়।

Rana went to market after I (come).
Ans : Rana went to market after I had come.
The patient (die) after the doctor had come.
Ans : The patient died after the doctor had come.

Rule-14: No sooner had ….. than, Scarcely had …… when, Hardly had …. when যুক্ত sentence এ  প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense অনুযায়ী হয় এবং  দ্বিতীয় অংশ Past Indefinite tense অনুযায়ী হয় ।
No sooner had the bell (ring) than the teacher (enter) the classroom.
Ans : No sooner had the bell rung than the teacher entered the classroom.

Hardly had the snatcher (take) the purse when he (run) away.
Ans : Hardly had the snatcher taken the purse when he ran away.

Scarcely had he (arrive) at the station when the train (leave).
Ans : Scarcely had he arrived at the station when the train left.

Rule-15: Since দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং Since-এর আগের অংশ Present Indefinite/Present perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। আবার, Since-এর আগের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Past perfect tense হয়।যেমন:
It is many years since Kamal (give up) smoking.
Ans : It is many years since Kamal gave up smoking.

Ten years have passed since he (leave) the country.
Ans : Ten years have passed since he left the country.

Many  years passed since I (meet) him last.
Ans : Many years passed since I had met him last.

It was many years since I (visit) there.
Ans : It was many years since I had visited there.

Rule-16: ‘Since’ বা ‘for’-এর পরে সময় উল্লেখ থাকলে sentenceটি present perfect Continuous Tense হবে। যেমন,
I  (read) for two hours.
Ans: I have been reading for two hours.

It (rain) since  morning.
Ans: It has been raining since  morning.

Rule-17: Passive voice-এ সর্বদা Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
The work has been(do) by him.
Ans : The work has been done by him.

The problem was (solve) by him.
Ans : The problem was solved by him.

Rule-18: Simple Sentence-এ দুটি Verb থাকলে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয় অথবা দ্বিতীয় Verb টির আগে to বসে। দ্বিতীয় Verb টি যদি উদ্দেশ্য বোঝাতে ব্যবহৃত হয়, তবে দ্বিতীয় Verb-এর আগে to বসে।
He saw the boy (play) cricket.
Ans : He saw the boy playing cricket.

I heard him (shout).
Ans : I heard him shouting.

He went to the library (read) books.
Ans : He went to the library to read books.

Rule-19: Sentenceটি Active Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে present form হয়। যেমন,
He can (do) this work easily.
Ans : He can do this work easily.

It may (rain) today.
Ans : It may rain today.

You must (do) your duty properly.
Ans: You must do your duty properly.

Rule-20: Sentenceটি Passive Voice হলে can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, need, dare, used to, ought to প্রভৃতি Modal Auxiliary Verb-এর পরে be+ Verb-এর past participle form হয়। যেমন,

English book will (buy) tomorrow.

Ans: English book will be bought tomorrow.

The work can (do).
Ans: The work can be done.

Rule-21: Sentence-এর Subject Singular Number হলে Verb Singular হয় এবং Subject Plural Number হলে Verb plural হয়।

The pen (be) red.
Ans : The pen is red.

The flowers of the garden ( be) beautiful.
Ans : The flowers of the garden are beautiful.

Rule-22: মূল Verb-এর আগে to be /having/got থাকলে Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।
The work is to be (do) — immediately.
Ans: The work is to be done immediately.

The Principal desired the notice to be (hang) in the notice board.
Ans: The Principal desired the notice to be hung in the notice board.
Having (do) his duty he went out.

Ans: Having done his duty he went out.

Rule-23: সাধারণত It is time, It is high time, It is proper time, wish, fancy ইত্যাদির পরে Subject থাকলে মূল Verb-এর Past form ( be verb থাকলে were) হয়।
It is time we (go) to school.
Ans : It is time we went to school.

I wish I (be) a king.
Ans : I wish I were a king.

I fancy I (fly) among the stars.
Ans: I fancy I flew among the stars.

আবার, It is time, It is high time, It is proper time এর পর যদি subject না থেকে মূল Verb থাকে, তবে ওই মূল Verb এর আগে to বসবে । যেমন:
It is time (play).

Ans: It is time to play.

It is high time (study)

Ans: It is high time to study.

Rule-24: ব্রাকেটে (be) থাকলে person, number এবং tense অনুযায়ী am/is/are/was/were/been হবে
Allah (be) everywhere.
Ans: Allah is everywhere.

It (be) twenty years ago.
Ans: It was twenty years ago.

The tickets of the journey (be) very costly.

Ans: The tickets of the journey were  very costly.

Rule-25: As if, as though  থাকলে Subject-এর পরে be verb-এর পরিবর্তে were বসে।

He speaks as if he (be) the President of Bangladesh.

Ans: He speaks as if he were the President of Bangladesh.

He behaves as if he (be) a leader.

Ans : He behaves as if he were a leader.

Rule-26:  As if, as though দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে এবং as if, as though এর আগের অংশ Present Indefinite Tense হলে পরের অংশ Past Indefinite tense হয়। যেমন:
He behaves as if he (buy) the car.
Ans : He behaves as if he bought the car.

He spoke as though he (do) a great task.
Ans : He spoke as though he had done a great task.

Rule-27: While যুক্ত Sentence-এ While-এর পরে Verb থাকলে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যোগ হয়। আবার,While-এর পরে Subject থাকলে While-এর অংশটি Past continuous tense হয়।

While I (go) to school, I saw him coming.
Ans : While I was going to school, I saw him coming.

While (walk) in the garden, a snake bit him.
Ans: While walking in the garden, a snake bit him.

While (take) dinner, he received the phone.
Ans : While taking dinner, he received the phone.

While (sleep) in his room, he dreamt a nice dream.

Ans: While sleeping  in his room, he dreamt a nice dream.
Rule-28: Lest দ্বারা দুটি Clause যুক্ত থাকলে Lest-এর পরবর্তী Subject-এর সঙ্গে Auxiliary verb should/might বসে।
Read attentively lest you (fail) in the examination.
Ans : Read attentively lest you should fail in the examination.

Walk fast lest you (miss) the bus.
Ans : Walk fast lest you should miss the bus.

Rule-29: Would that দ্বারা Sentence শুরু হলে Subject-এর পরে could বসে এবং মূল Verb-এর Present form হয়।

Would that I (go) to the moon.
Ans: Would that I could go to the moon.

Would that I (be) a poet like Nazrul.
Ans: Would that I could be a poet like Nazrul.

Rule-30: সাধারণত Each, one of, every, either, neither ইত্যাদি দ্বারা কোনো subject-গঠিত হলে সেটি 3rd person singular number হয়; তাই এদের পরের Verbটিও singular number হয়। যেমন,

Everybody (want) to be happy.
Ans : Everybody wants to be happy.

One of them (to be) guilty.
Ans : One of them is guilty.

Rule-31: Adjective-এর আগে the বসলে subjectটি Plural হয় এবং তদনুযায়ী Verb বসে।

The rich (be) not happy always.

Ans: The rich are not happy always.
The virtuous (to be) blessed.
Ans : The virtuous are blessed.

Rule-32: কোনো Sentence It দ্বারা শুরু হলে পরবর্তী Verb singular হয়।
It (to be) difficult to do.
Ans : It is difficult to do.

It (to be) you .who have done this.
Ans : It is I who have done this.

Rule-33: কোনো Sentence যদি Introductory There দ্বারা শুরু হয় এবং তারপর Singular number থাকে, তবে there এর পরে  Singular verb হয়। আর যদি there-এর পরে Plural number থাকে, তবে Plural verb হয়।
There ( be) a big river beside our village.
Ans : There was a big river beside our village.

There ( be) a lot of work left for us.
Ans : There were a lot of work left for us.

Rule-34: Had better, had rather, would better, would rather, let,do not, does not, did not ইত্যাদির পরে Verb-এর present form হয়। যেমন,
I would rather die than (beg) .
Ans : I would rather die than beg.

I had better (go) home now.
Ans: I had better go home now.

He did not (go) to school yesterday.

Ans: He did not go to school yesterday.

Rule-35: If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Present Indefinite Tense হলে পরের অংশ Future Indefinite হয়। Structureটি হয় [If +Present Indefinite + subject +Future Indefinite]

If you work hard, you (shine) in life.
Ans : If you work hard, you will shine in life.

If he reads more, he (get) A+.
Ans : If he reads more, he will get  A+.

Rule-36: If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Past Indefinite tense হলে পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would/could/might বসে এবং Verb-এর Present form হয়। অর্থাৎ, Structureটি হয়—If + past indefinite + subject + would/could/might +verb-এর Present form)

If you studied hard, you (cut) a good figure in the exam.
Ans: If you studied hard, you would cut a good figure in the exam.

If he agreed, I (give) the money.
Ans : If he agreed, I would give the money.

Rule-37: If যুক্ত Clause-এর প্রথম অংশ Past perfect tense হলে পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would have/could have/might have বসে এবং Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।

অর্থাৎ, Structureটি হয়—If + past perfect + subject + would/could/might+have +verb-এর Past participle form)

If he had gone to school regularly, he (pass) in the exam.

Ans: If he had gone to school regularly, he would have passed in the exam.

If you had finished it sincerely, you (get) a profit.
Ans : If you had finished it sincerely, you would have got a profit.

If he had met his teacher, he (solve) the problems.
Ans : If he had met his teacher, he would have solved the problems.

Rule-38: Had + subject + past participle দ্বারা কোন sentence শুরু হলে , পরের অংশ Subject-এর পরে Would have/could have/might have বসে এবং Verb-এর Past participle form হয়।যেমন,

Had I much money, I (establish) a school.

Ans: Had I much money, I would have established a school.

Had I  been a king, I (help) the poor.

Ans: Had I been a king, I would have helped the poor.

Rule-39: To-এর পরে Verb-এর present form হয়। যেমন,

I went to New Market to (buy)  a shirt.
Ans: I went to New Market to buy a shirt.

He said to the porter to (carry)  the luggage.
Ans: He said to the porter to carry the luggage.

Rule-40: To ব্যতীত অন্য  Preposition( at,in,on, into, of, for, from, by, after, before , beyond, upon, against, with, without ইত্যাদি) এর পরের Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।

যেমন:
Alfred Nobel earned a lot of money by (sell) dynamite.
Ans : Alfred Nobel earned a lot of money by selling dynamite.
I had never thought of (go) there.
Ans: I had never thought of going there.

After (do) the work I will go out.

Ans: After doing the work I will go out.

Rule-41: Can not help, could not help, look forward to, with a view to, get used to, mind , would you mind, worth, past, stop, start, enjoy, finish ইত্যাদির পরে Verb-এর সঙ্গে ing যুক্ত হয়।
Rahim came to Dhaka with a view to (find) a job.
Ans : Rahim came to Dhaka with a view to finding a job.

I can not help (do) the work.
Ans: I can not help doing the work.

I am looking forward to (get) — your reply.
Ans: I am looking forward to getting your reply.

Would you mind (give) me your pen ?
Ans: Would you mind giving me your pen ?

We enjoy (watch) TV.
Ans: We enjoy watching TV.

Rule-42:  Auxiliary Verb (to be/ to have/modal) বিহীন Sentenceকে Negative বা Interrogative করতে হলে tense ও Subject-এর number ও person অনুসারে do, does, did ব্যবহার করতে হয়।

I not (play) football.
Ans : I do not play football.

She (go) to school?
Ans : Does she go to school?.

He not (come) home yesterday.
Ans : He did not come home yesterday.

Rule-43: Interrogative sentence যদি who, what, why, which, when, where, whose, how ইত্যাদি word দিয়ে শুরু হয় তাহলে subject-এর আগে tense ও person অনুযায়ী auxiliary verb ব্যবহার করতে হবে।
Why Bushra (look) so happy?
Ans : Why does Bushra look so happy?

What you (want) to say?
Ans : What do you want to say?

Rule-44: Main Clause-এর Verbটি Past Tense-এর হলে এবং পরের অংশে tomorrow, next day, next week, next month, next year ইত্যাদি উল্লেখ থাকলে Subject-এর পরে would বসে এবং Verb-এর Present Form হয়।
He said that he (go) home tomorrow.
Ans: He said that he would go home tomorrow.

He said that he (buy) a car the next month.
Ans: He said that he would buy a car the next month.

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সহকারী শিক্ষক (ইংরেজি)

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